You have to understand, the concept of "Open Source" is not new. Most vendors supplied the source listing, and sometime even the code. There was a fee to copy it all (it was said in the old day it was impossible to write a mag tape anywhere for less than $100). So the fees we really set high enough to keep the idiots away, but low enough that the customers that needed them could get them. Remember a lot of it was in assembler, so it did you little good unless you had the vendors HW. A few things changed that all. First, the practice became less prevalent by the later 1970s primarily because of the Amadhl Corp making and selling a 360/370 clone. Interestingly enough, DEC did not sue CalData because of the SW. It was because they cloned the Unibus AND used the PDP-11 instruction set. Second once writing more and more of the OS in a High Level Language became de rigor, the ability to "steal" SW IP seemed to be more of an issue (although DEC was in good shape because no one but DEC would use BLISS). So around the late 1970s, DEC and most other vendors began to be more protective. On Tue, Jan 8, 2013 at 2:56 PM, Dave McGuire <mcguire at neurotica.com> wrote: On 01/08/2013 02:51 PM, Brian Schenkenberger, VAXman- wrote: I am nothing short of astonished that it was that cheap! -Dave -- Dave McGuire, AK4HZ New Kensington, PA